Where I is maximum current in Amps, k is a constant, dT is temperature rise above ambient in °C, & A is cross sectional area of trace mils². This tool uses formulas from IPC-2221 to calculate the width of a copper printed circuit board conductor or "trace" required to carry a given current while keeping the resulting increase in trace temperature below a specified limit. PCB materials, dielectric constant, trace height and width affect the controlled impedance of a transmission line. Polar Impedance Calculator Software Will AIlow An impedance mismatch between a signal source, load, and the trace that connects them cause problems like ringing, noise coupling, and EMI. Solid planes. 8% EPF. Now I'd like to get into this topic and the first task would be to create a ~ 10cm board to board interconnect flex PCB with 90 ohm (USB) and 100 ohm (LVDS) controlled impedance traces on it. It is based on our new book "PCB Design Guide to Via and Trace Currents and Temperatures. Learn how to optimize your PCB design and fabrication for high-speed applications with these tools. Graphing Calculator is a tool for quickly visualizing math. After you plug in your complex number, you must click the “Submit” button. For PCB fabricators Speedstack PCB interfaces with the industry standard Polar Si8000m PCB Controlled Impedance Field Solver. Compute answers using Wolfram's breakthrough technology & knowledgebase, relied on by millions of students & professionals. ϑ – angle. Cartesian Polar. The width of the conducting layer is important to calculate the radiation intensity since it directly affects. Candor’s free PCB calculator is a trace-width measurement tool that calculates the trace width for printed circuit board conductors. If you have interested in our products, pls feel free to contact us. ->. Here you will find e. g. 0 ' tanh π (5b)Surface roughness effect on PCB trace attenuation / loss. Modulus Argument Type Operator . Accurate and easy to use, Polar Si8000m makes designing impedance. The templates include single and sequential lamination build-ups (HDI-1, HDI-2, HDI-3, and HDI-4). 2 and you may find this on-line calculator helpful. Lo: inductance per unit length. PCB stackup calculator. $$ (x, y) = (-1. Enter the relative permitivity, width of the trace, the ground plane spacing, and the substrate thickness to calculate the characteristic impedance. This will set a reference point, you'll see that a new box appears between the standard coordinates. Note: Units do not matter for this calculation as long as they are consistent. In other words, you can enter your copper weight value into the calculator, and it will determine the required trace width given your current and temperature rise limit. 31 Jan 2018: Official Jadual PCB 2018 link updated. The digits here represent the number of sequential laminations. . Using this calculator, you can find the resonant frequency, which means that you can disregard the reactive impedance (reactance) and only pay attention to the resistive impedance (resistance). 80 mm. 11. PCB Via Calculator March 12, 2006. *PCB vendors can use controlled impedances and will vary any designated trace width at mask level to hit impedance targets. Calculating Differential vs. Below is our collection of online electronic engineering calculators. This calculator requires symmetry in the trace widths and location between plane layers. Send feedback | Visit Wolfram|Alpha. Double-click on the polar grid or right-click. The simplest type of PCB antenna is the loop antenna. ImpedCalc is a free transmission line impedance calculator. 57 degrees. The PCB Impedance Calculator in Altium Designer. Impedance captures the real and complex. This is lower than the impedance of the line on its own as the influence of the equal and opposite polarity of the two propagating signals make the structure behave as though an extra ground plane has been added vertically between the traces. Earlier versions of the Track Resistance Calculator (TRC) are described in Application Note AP144b. Borang PCB TP1 2023. Spread the love. chamberlain@polarinstruments. The prepreg material is impregnated with a resin, where the. Payment for 12 and 24 month licenses. SB8000 – Information only Replaced by. reischer@polarinstruments. Explore math with our beautiful, free online graphing calculator. The accuracy of these equations for microstrip traces with different impedances is also compared in the Polar Instruments article. 31 Dec 2021: Updated PCB calculator for YA2022. Ideal for both rigid and flex-rigid. Let ( f ) be the frequency, in Hertz, of the source voltage supplying the circuit. Cartesian Polar. Using this calculator, you can find the resonant frequency, which means that you can disregard the reactive impedance (reactance) and only pay attention to the resistive impedance (resistance). 54. Speedstack PCB 2023 Stackup / Impedance Field Solver. The trace width can then be calculated by re-arranging this formula to determine the cross-sectional area that. The kusashi calculators are free online tools for general use. png' alt='Inductor Impedance Calculator' title='Inductor Impedance Calculator' /> Impedance CalculatorFree Downloads Polar Pcb Impedance Calculator. When calculating PCB, the system estimates the annual income and calculates the portion for the current month. Salary RM 17300. These vias and conductors will affect the impedance seen by signals throughout your board. This impecance calculator is used for estimation and rough dimensioning of high frequency PCB. There are some advantages to using a. • The ceramic capacitor is non-polarized. 036 Polar Samples SM/001 Liquid PhotoImageable Mask Polar Samples 1. 27 Oct 2017:. Example of the Saturn PCB design calculator for a variety of useful PCB design estimates. v23. Where, εr is the dielectric constant of the material (as per the datasheet) H is the height of the trace above ground. The calculator shown below uses Wadell’s equations for differential impedance, which can be found in the seminal textbook Transmission Line Design Handbook. PCB Impedance Control. Powerful yet easy to use Polar GRS500 CADView enables you to import over 30 popular CAD formats and display the CAD data in an easy to use environment that is optimized for PCB troubleshooting. Advanced Circuits has been the leading PCB quick turn manufacturer since 1989. The Si9000e is built on the same proven boundary element field solving platform as the PCB fabrication industry standard Si8000m. Z-planner Enterprise is a stackup planning tool that includes a PCB stackup calculator focused on electrical impedance and signal integrity that helps you manage and optimize your PCB stackup design. *Accurate for arbitrary values of Er and w/h ratios. The impedance is given as a complex number in standard form and polar forms. 04. 5% of their monthly earnings, up to a maximum of RM150 per month. Your core is effectively one or more prepreg laminates that are pressed, hardened, and cured with heat, and the core is plated with copper foil on each side. These are pure estimates to obtain a guideline. Making use of Siemen’s Hyperlynx Field Solver, users are able to target specific differential impedances to. Bandwidth Calculator & Max PCB Trace Length Calculator. All calculators are scripted on the server and. Follow this short decision tree to select the version of Speedstack that matches your stackup design and modelling requirements. ) For power traces, then I agree with other posts that you should use a trace width calculator like this. You can see all of your training and activity data on your phone on the go, and sync them wirelessly to Polar Flow. x = r ⋅ cosθ, y = r ⋅ sinθ. We’ve compiled a set of. 0 sech π (5a) and = h w k 2. $$ x = 2 * cos (9), y = 2 * sin (9) $$. C = Speed of light. 5 mils or even smaller. 0 / Polar Graph v19. Explanation of PCB calculations. The TRC100 is a free utility which allows you to quickly and simply calculate the resistance of PCB traces. Solid planes. Garenne Park St. " Learn more about the calculator here. This means we openly challenge the status quo, find new ways to create value and get rewarded for our individual contributions. Design-Aid for marking print. Polar CITS – coupons only; Tektronix 8300 – boards as well as coupons. 725. TRC100 is useful if you are working on fine geometries, and need to take care about. ImpedCalc is. Modulus Argument Type Operator . Select the box with the geometry that you would like to calculate. 11. Dielectric Strength. By linking impedance and stackup design and documentaion. Calculate Coplanar impedance for given PCB parameters. The order of preference in the choice of reference planes is. Thumbnail. Speedstack 2023 Stackup Design and Documentation ( version history) v23. Rectangular to Polar conversion. Wavelength calculator Calculates the wavelength of a signal using Ereff. There is also tight coupling to solid planes. View All Tools. Wavelength calculator ; Calculates the wavelength of a signal using Ereff. This calculator uses the following formulas for converting the values between the VSWR, return loss, reflection coefficient, and mismatch loss. Height: Height of the substrate. GY2 4AF . Testing with Test Coupons. Hence, it is vital to identify the polarity – positive (anode) and negative (cathode) pins – of a component before mounting them on a circuit board. POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS. With PCBWay impedance calculator, you can calculate the approximate impedance of your PCB / high frequency circuit board. If you see negative power value this indicates that power is generated (source). Details. What a Differential Pair Impedance Calculator Misses. EPD100 2022 v22. Many Polar customers request frequency-dependent impedance modelling, with particular reference to transmission line losses – the result is the Si9000e. When in doubt, use 1 for copper, . This calculator will calculate trace current/temperature parameters for virtually any size trace thickness and width. Choose the Speedstack variant most applicable to you. The anti-pad is the void area (shown as the blue annular ring in the diagram below) between the pad and the copper of the plane. 08. Polar UK: Si9000e PCB transmission line modeling. Use a 4. 5. Symbols of different capacitor. The microstrip is a very simple yet useful way to create a transmission line with a PCB. Design-Aid for solder-stop. With the development of science and technology,. Related Links. The modulus or magnitude of a complex number ( denoted by ∣z∣ ), is the distance between the origin and that number. Over time, the PCB leakage current across the board will increase, even if the board is prepared in a moisture-free environment and heavily. This can be set to zero, but the calculated loss will not include conductor losses. You can choose from 3 month, 12 month subscriptions along with 4 year licenses and. It includes a link and license for Polar’s Si8000m, using the proven Polar Si8000m multipleKalkulator PCB Lembaga Hasil Dalam Negeri. Height (h) betwee two layers:8 t0 12 mills. Our very brief discussion of complex impedance and the polar form of complex impedance underlines both the mathematical complexity involved with calculating impedance and tough problems that we encounter with impedance. θ — Angle of the polar coordinate, usually in radians or degrees. It includes a link and license for Polar’s Si8000m, using the proven Polar Si8000m multipleThis will be specified in your controller's datasheet in the DDR4 interface specifications. Polar Calculator Home. Polar Instruments Ltd . 378 [mils/oz] ) For IPC-2221 internal layers: k = 0. Calculate your salary, EPF, PCB, and other income tax amounts online with this free calculator. 00. Therefore, for this example, the excess resin for prepreg 1080 is 0. To use this calculator, simply input your microstrip geometry and Dk value, and the tool will return the differential impedance value for a pair of microstrip traces. Austria +43 7666 20041-0. Similar forms are listed to the right. • The capacitance and electrolysis of aluminum come up with polarity. Polar Home: TRC100:. Solid planes. The image below shows a typical 4-layer PCB stackup construction you’ll receive from most fabricators. Get the free "Convert Complex Numbers to Polar Form" widget for your website, blog, Wordpress, Blogger, or iGoogle. It can also convert complex numbers from Cartesian to polar form and vice versa. License: All 1 2 | Free. The Si9000 Via Checks tab includes via stub checking (see Polar Application Note AP8166) and via pad/anti-pad calculation. HyperLynx or Polar Instruments tools are industry's best. This input is a complex number. of a layout. g. Bandwidth Calculator & Max PCB Trace Length Calculator ; Calculates the bandwidth of a digital signal and maximum trace length, using the IPC-2251 method or the frequency domain method, for transmission line effects. 378tA. There are some advantages to using a microstrip transmission line over other alternatives. Our mission is to provide world class software and KwickFit is the result of our service to the PCB industry. Speedstack is a versatile PCB layer stackup design tool featuring powerful and easy to use graphical stackup editing capabilities. ImpedCalc is a simple, easy to use, handy tool specially designed to offer users a transmission line Impedance Calculator. ) 2020. It will also calculate the trace internal temperature at any depth into the board. Simons, "Coplanar Waveguide Circuits, Components, and Systems", Wiley. This glorious specimen is an open hardware RPN calculator with more than a nod to the venerable Hewlett Packard HP42 in its design. To start, select the type of PCB conductor, fill in the geometric measurements of your circuit board, and it will automatically give you the relevant. 4865 Nussdorf am Attersee. These independent operations are neither agents or subsidiaries of Polar. Speedstack is a versatile PCB layer stackup design tool featuring powerful and easy to use graphical stackup editing capabilities. Edge Coupled Stripline Differential Impedance Calculator. For example, a PCB project with a toll size of 6. 58, it says a 50ohm trace is 0. When it comes to the equations, you simply need to use the following: W = frac {A} {1. Test plug for safety circuits. The microstrip is a very simple yet useful way to create a transmission line with a PCB. Provides for concurrent design rule changes as work progresses. 01 Mar 1998. Graphing Calculator Viewer. And the best part is, it is FREE. This statistical converter for the complex number to polar form is provided for your personal use and should be used as a guide only. The Si8000m adds enhanced modelling to predict the finished. 09. I can't find the equation that Saturn is using. pcb impedance calculator is usually used in the design of Multilayer PCB, high-frequency PCB, and antenna PCB. To calculate the impedance, I use Saturn PCB impedance calculator software, Inc - PCB Toolkit V8. Simons, "Coplanar Waveguide Circuits, Components, and Systems", Wiley. Assign Net for Free Track/Arc/Circle. The case is 3D printed, the PCB is custom, and even the software is his own creation. Identifying the Capacitor Polarity. Humair Mandavia, Zuken Chief Strategy Officer,. The calculator is largely based on IPC 2221B standard, table 6-1. With these results, we. You can easily get access to the PCB calculator through the PayrollPanda PCB calculator page. Fault finding conformal coated boards. Si8000m PCB Impedance Field Solver 2022 v22. You can execute Si9000 PCB Transmission Line Field Solver on Windows XP/7/8/10/11 32-bit. For PCB fabricators, Speedstack PCB interfaces with the industry standard Polar Si8000m PCB Controlled Impedance Field Solver. PCS is an essential tax deduction for all of the Malaysian employment as it directly applied a deduction towards employee salary. *Comparisons show minimal differences to ADS linecalc and Polar Instruments Quicksolver industry standard tools. 5% of their employees' monthly earnings. Making use of Siemen’s Hyperlynx Field Solver, users are able to target specific differential impedances to. The approximate formulas are provided along with restrictions on the relative size of the various parameters. At its heart is an STM32L476 low-power ARM processor and a Sharp. *PCB vendors can use controlled impedances and will vary any designated trace width at mask level to hit impedance targets. By understanding the microstrip transmission line, designers can. Aside from labour, the PCB manufacturer must use a higher copper weight than what appears on the board, increasing material cost as well. PENGIRAAN PCB TAHUN: PERNAH BEKERJA SEBELUM INI DALAM TAHUN SEMASA. Select the installation location on your computer, click Next and wait for the install to complete. 6 Color-Code This calculator helps translating the color bars from the resistor to its value. The KiCadPCB calculator is apparently assuming a rectangular trace profile which isn’t quite realistic, particularly with minimal trace clearance values. Access to the PCB calculator. The result is based on formula not 2D field solve, so it can only confirm the accuracy in a relatively range. If the capacitor of the PCB design is charged, the charge will accumulate on the bipolar plate of the capacitor of the PCB design. com) was closed on Wednesday, September 20, 2023. Si Excel x64 for Si8000m 2022. To avoid microstrip modes, have h >> (w+2g) and extend component side ground away from the trace by > (w+2g). ) 2019. There are 3 ways to find a fast price without data: Fill the parameters in the Fast Price section on the Eurocircuits Home page. We offer an easy-to-use Signal Layer Estimator that will eliminate your complicated design delays. Use formula C = (ε * A) / d for estimation. Used on: FT100 GRS500. These tools can be used to show you the total impedance of a circuit block in your design as well as how a circuit block affects the magnitude and phase of an input signal. This means your employer will withhold the. For PCB fabricators Speedstack PCB interfaces with the industry standard Polar Si8000m PCB Controlled Impedance Field Solver. Formulae for Series R L Circuit Impedance Used in Calculator and their Units. z – polar representation. Microstrip Impedance Calculator. PCB signal integrity, stackup and controlled impedance. 9㎡. 5189 1 12 1 Mechanical PTH 1 2 2 Laser PTH 12 11 2 Laser PTH. Net Highlighting While Cursor Hover the Track. Capacitance-Frequency-Inductance. This can be set to zero, but the calculated loss will not include conductor losses. Dielectric thickness. Enter a problem Cooking Calculators. Version 4 series is accurate to the IPC-2152 but may be too conservative in many cases. Decibel Calculator. The edge couple differential symmetric stripline transmission line is a common technique for routing differential traces. Are you available provide hr. Standard 4-Layer Stackup. Removed YA2017 tax comparison. Resistance - Earth Resistance - Calculate Resistance - Resistance Welds - Resistance To Bending. With the Multi-CB impedance calculator, you can calculate the approximate impedance dimensioning of your PCB / high frequency circuit board. where. 30 Dec 2018: Updated PCB calculator for YA2019. The Si8000m is a boundary element method field solver that builds on the familiar easy to use user interface in earlier Polar impedance design systems. It is a rather generous copper weight, which is why some are wondering whether it is necessary. Microstrip line is a widely used transmission line and for the appropriate transmission its characteristic impedance has to be calculated while using it in RF design & circuits. W. electronic engineers can make your ideas happen! Saturn PCB Design, Inc. Example 01: Find the modulus of z = 6 +3i. Commonly fabricated with printed circuit board (PCB) technology, a microstrip antenna calculator tool is an electrical transmission line that is able to transmit RF signals. Sample coupon — Gerber Data mpcd1345. CR-8000 Design Force users can now exchange pre-layout stackup designs seamlessly with Polar’s Speedstack for IC Packaging and PCB design. 022mm/2 = 0. Updated: New Income Tax Rates - June 2023. If r is calculated first as above, then the formula for θ can be expressed more simply using the. This calculator facilitates complex numbers (phasors) arithmetic operations: impedance and power calculation. PCB is the Malaysian monthly tax deduction - Potongan Cukai Bulanan in Malay. Calculating the resistance of printed circuit board tracks It is sometimes necessary to know the DC resistance of a track, for example, for power supply applications or when there is a need to work on fine geometries and take series loss into. a- The Loop antenna. 053mm = 0. Si Excel for Si8000m 2021. This calculator determines the impedance of a symmetric differential stripline pair. 26 Jan 2019: Employee EPF contribution has been adjusted to follow EPF Third Schedule. Incidentally, the trace thickness parameter does have a significant effect. Note: Units do not matter for this calculation as long as they are consistent. Our free impedance calculator for coplanar waveguide can help you with your design features to ensure your PCB is working as you intend. The stackup can be validated in Zuken’s DFM Center before release to manufacturing. PCB, short from Potongan Cukai Bulanan, aka MTD short from Monthly Tax Deduction in both Malay and English in Malaysia. Students, hobbyists, engineers and businesses alike use our calculators for engineering, circuit board projects, and more. 01 Jan 2020: Updated PCB calculator for YA2020. 21. The Sierra Circuits Impedance Calculator uses the 2D numerical solution of Maxwell’s equations for PCB transmission lines. Use this form for processing a Polar number against another Polar number. 127mm of prepreg between them, Er 4. Atlas for Anritsu ShockLine™ Delta L 4. 725. circuit locator. We recommend the software from Polar Instruments if you. Polar Instruments (Europe) Ltd T: +44 23 9226 9113 E: neil. Board fabricator stackup is imported into CR-8000 Design Force. Hence, any PCB amount or PCB before zakat deduction below RM 10 should reflect RM 0. It is based on our new book "PCB Design Guide to Via and Trace Currents and Temperatures. I can't find the equation that Saturn is using. Run the installation package to install it to your computer. Agilent's LineCalc tool calculates Z odd = 50. The Differential microstrip impedance calculator is used to compute the differential (Zd) and single-ended impedance (Zo) of an edge-coupled microstrip line just by entering the width, separation and thickness of the trace along with the dielectric thickness and constant of the coupled line. Contact. Borang PCB TP3 2023. A PCB impedance calculator uses field solvers to accurately approximate impedance values. Explore math with our beautiful, free online graphing calculator. The Insertion Loss Tools brochure introduces the Polar Instruments' solutions for measuring and modeling the insertion loss of PCBs, including the Si9000e field solver, the Atlas insertion loss test system and the Speedstack PCB stackup design tool. For example: • Yellow Violet Red Gold: 4 7 x100 ±5% = 4700 Ohm, 5% tolerance • 1kOhm, 1% tolerance: Brown Black Black Brown BrownKalkulator PCB Lembaga Hasil Dalam Negeri. This calculator requires symmetry in the trace widths and location between plane layers. The Si9000e PCB Track resistance calculator lets you enter track shape and length, along with material type, the trace resistance calculator will give you an answer in Ohms for the trace you describe or the transmission line geometries pasted from Si9000e. PA = 1/2 * (30/57. Example 1: Perform addition (2 + 3i) + (1 – 4i) leaving the result a) in polar form and b) in rectangular form. PCBCart's Standard PCB Layer Stack-up. ALGEBRAIC EQUATIONS Single Track For the stripline of Figure 2 with a symmetrically centred track of zero thickness, Cohn[3] has shown that the exact value of the characteristic impedance is 4. Hitech Circuits is a professional PCB board fabrication, printed circuit board manufacturer, supplier in China, we focus on printed circuit boards manufacturing such as high density interconnect pcb, heavy copper PCB, Power PCB, high frequency pcb, RF PCB, ceramic PCB, Rogers PCB, Teflon PCB and more. If you’re designing an RF PCB for microwave or higher frequencies, controlled impedance routing should be top of mind to ensure signal integrity. eu * Authorised distributor for Polar Instruments Ltd’s products. The stackup on the left side of Figure 2. 1. 31 Jan 2018: Official Jadual PCB 2018 link updated. Speedstack is the stackup design tool of choice for professional PCB Designers fabricators and brokers who have a requirement to document and design stackups drill plans and material requirements complete with high speed transmissionline information. PCBs have no known taste or smell, and range in consistency from an oil to a waxy solid. Conductors have rectangular cross-section with user defined width and height. Download Adobe Reader. PCB stackup. Take a look at the PCB track resistance calculator at -. Make sure you get started with high speed PCB routing using our transmission line impedance calculator applications. Kindly find the attachment Pcb_calci_satya_20071112. The Si Excel Expert includes the Excel functions needed to call the Polar field solver calculator engine, and is the most efficient tool to use when building customized spreadsheets from scratch. The formula for calculating allowable current through a trace is published in the IPC-2221 standard section 6. 01. 0 ()' 0 0 K k K k E Z r η = (4) where = h w k 2. 011mm (11um). Thickness: Thickness of the microstrip conductor. The stripline impedance calculator provided below is useful for gaining an initial estimate of trace impedance for striplines. Understanding and correctly calculating your PCB’s trace width limitations is crucial for keeping your PCB. Table 1: Comparison of PCB Materials. com GERMANY, AUSTRIA, SWITZERLAND * Polar Instruments GmbH T: +43 7666 20041-0 E: hermann. For any sport. The conservative chart in the IPC-2152 is really just the internal chart from the IPC-2221 so that was the formula used. 5oz to 2oz), and minimal spacing between layers to 3mil. polar-cartesian-calculator. Zero PCB for months 4,5,7,8,10 and 11. The print screen of the PCB calculator is below. Select the box with the geometry that you would like to calculate. 45 for gold. 151mm wide trace to be 56. Description. It supports both balanced and unbalanced lines. Polar | Si8000m PCB stackup, signal integrity and controlled impedance Software and test systems for PCB assembly and repair Si8000m Designsystem The Si8000m is a. Polar's interconnected tools for impedance controlled PCBs are designed for OEMs and fabricators who are concerned with PCBs running in the popular 100MHz to 3GHz. The calculator below uses Wadell’s. Download page for useful programs of Multi PCB Ltd. . Follow your training and activity and instantly see your achievements. For visible traces, K equals 0. For example, for January, the system calculates PCB for 60,000 (5,000 x 12) and divides it by 12 for one month. 30 millimeters. The Sierra Circuits Impedance Calculator uses the 2D numerical solution of Maxwell’s equations for PCB transmission lines. This form of microstrip is composed of two traces. A calculator for solving the maximum current a microstrip can handle. Aside from microwave applications, microstrips also find themselves in high-speed digital PCB design. Its simple closed loop of PCB board is connected with receiver or transmitter terminals. Assign substrate values by frequency band to. Pi AttenuatorTpd: propagation delay. In addition to incorporating Polars proven insertion loss field solver capability, Speedstack Si allows rapid import and export of. This calculator will calculate trace current/temperature parameters for virtually any size trace thickness and width. ACC216. MicroMega Solutions is a software and services company located in central Florida. Reference: R. The best way to make things clear is to put the complete diode symbol in the silkscreen to indicate polarity. Unfortunately, the mark command doesn't accept coordinates; you have to click the location manually (and therefore, it must be on the current grid). This application note discusses how to calculate the excess resin. If you are looking for a reliable PCB board. Dielectric constant. Don’t forget to check out our other. 2958) * 5^2 = 6. In terms of how these calculators work, the impedance of a transmission line in a PCB can be calculated in four ways: Use the R, L, C, G parameters from the Telegrapher’s equations to calculate the impedance of the transmission line. To convert from the rectangular to the polar form, we use the following rectangular coordinates to polar coordinates formulas: r = √ (x² + y²) θ = arctan (y / x) Where: x and y — Rectangular coordinates; r — Radius of the polar coordinate; and. Sierra Circuits Impedance Calculator employs a 2D numerical solution of Maxwell’s equations for PCB transmission lines. 036 0.